1、格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：the computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)the water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, sch
2、ool等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：class three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：class three have a map of china.(三 班有张中国地图)3、chinese, japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：there is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / there are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,
3、news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：the news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：the trousers are very cheap and i want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：a lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) a lot of tim
4、e was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：the teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：there is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和
5、四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：both you and i are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：a woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：either you or he is right.
6、(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / neither you nor i am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：over three
7、 quarters of the information on the internet is in english.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / a third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / all of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： whats the population of china?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) /
8、 three quarters of the population in this city are arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析：1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：people all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / the 2008 o
9、lympic games will be held in beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / they were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛) 2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”
10、,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：the shanghai television festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / what are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有
11、辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：he made up his mind to make the journey to dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ he has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / he took several trips to shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / did you go to sa
12、ntiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的) 4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：the noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / all of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然
13、间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / the singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音) 5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：there are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ i prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词：1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
14、、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格i(我)you (你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)they (他们,她们,它们)宾格me(我)you (你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我们)you(你们)them (他们,她们,它们)1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如： i often go shopping on sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / are they from braz
15、il?(他们是巴西人吗？) / where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？) / thats it.(就那么回事) / its he!(是他！)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：who teaches you english this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / help me!(救救我！) / we often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：-who is it?(是谁？) its i/me.(是我。)4、
16、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“youhei”的顺序表达。如：both he and i are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) who will go there?(谁要去那儿？) you and me.(你和我)5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：-whats the weather like today?(今天天气怎样？)its fine.(天气晴好) / -wh
17、ats the time?(几点啦？) its 12：00.(12点) / its a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / it took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / it is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / we found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发
18、觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复 数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性形容词性my(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我们的)your(你们的)their (他们的,她们的,它们的)名词性mine(我的)yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我们的)yours(你们的)theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：is that your umbrella?(
19、那是你的伞吗？) / i often go to see my aunt on sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / they are their books.(是他们的书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：this is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？) / your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3、“of 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格
20、,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：a friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)试比较 my friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(
21、我们自己)yourselves(你们自己)themselves (他们/她们/它们自己)1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如：dont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：the story itself is good. only he didnt tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)6、 指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物that(那个)those(那些)指较远的人和物such (这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物same (同样的人/物)指